Will 2050 mark a turning point in human history when the human population has reached its peak and innovation has allowed us to put fossil fuels and mining in the past? Technology optimists make the case that high-performance products can be made by recycling scrap metal. Will the drive towards climate neutrality ensure prosperity for all, including developing countries? Will our decarbonisation and carbon neutrality objectives be a catalyst for this transformation or are they a pre-condition for it?